Social Inequality And Educational Opportunity And Health

The people of the United States have frequently lived in their everyday life preferably thinking that there is no class stratification within America. They have thought that they no longer have those social classes that existed like a century ago (Ervin 7). Acknowledging the various social strata most often people prefer to ignore the disparity that is associated with them. Historically, social disparities relate to educational opportunity and health. However, a lot of improvements have been made in the social institutions and structures benefiting the entire society in the past hundred years. From these same historical events, many people of the United State had found themselves disadvantaged as a result of social stratification. This†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"We may have an 8.3% unemployment rate, but I know of plenty of McDonald’s and Walmart stores that are always hiring. The bottom line is, we’re all wealthy in America compared to most of the world.â₠¬ (Freeman 153). I find no truth in that. Destitution in the in the States is real and preserves at an unarguably huge measure that is variant throughout America, and higher measure is among older adults, women, individuals under the age of eighteen and people of color. Close to 13.3%, Americans operate below the poverty line despite the fact that the US is the wealthiest country around the globe according to the 2012-2014 American Survey. This statistic incorporates 25.8% of Native Americans, 14.6% of women 18.3% of children under eighteen and 25.3% of African-Americans, according to the U.S. Census Bureau 2015. Poverty has an impact on all groups in the society be young or the aged. It has a severe effect on the economic status of an individual relative to the other factors. It is generally the well- known contributor of low educational status, poor health and public disparity among groups. According to the US Census 2007, nearly twenty-five percent of persons with high school educational level operate below the poverty line. Graduates with a percentage of about 3.6 also operate below the international poverty level. Poverty leads to poor health, malnourishment, low education, and it becomes difficult to measure to which direction is the measure with educational

Evaluating the Strategies Used in Health and Social Care...

Evaluating the strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. Sensory Impairment: Sensory impairment could be a barrier to effective communication they can prevent service users and health care professionals from communicating correctly, this is because they interfere with a service user’s ability to send, receive and understand a message. According to Collins Education sensory impairment is the key issue why service users with sensory impairments are more exposed to ineffective care and their needs are not always met. This would make the service users have a low self-esteem because they will be left confused and unaware about their health. To†¦show more content†¦Environments that lack privacy can also discourage people from expressing their feelings and problems. To overcome reduce and overcome this barrier the staff working in the health and social care setting or organisation ensure that they provide places where their can communicate with service users without being disrupted by noise. It could also be overcome by making different changes to the environment, for example sound proofing rooms so that conversations can be kept private, fitting electronic devices, such as induction loop systems to help those with hearing difficulties, minimising background noise and making sure they can be seen clearly by the person they are communicating with. Health care professional could use the strategy of creating the appropriate environment in order to overcome the barrier of environment because by providing an appropriate environment the health care professionals will be providing an environment where service users will be able to listen and also gain deeper understanding of what is being discussed. They will also feel more involved in the interaction because they will be in a private space where confidential things can be discussed. Complex Situations Alcohol: Alcohol can affect effective communication in health and social care settings because if a service user is under the influence of alcohol and is unable to speak clearly with a health care professional they could beShow MoreRelatedM2, Review Strategies Used in Health and Social Care Environments to Overcome Barriers to Effective Communication and Interpersonal Interactions.1676 Words   |  7 PagesM2, review strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. D1, evaluate strategies used in health and social care to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. 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Project Vision Document on Electronic Health Record

Question: Discuss about the Project Vision Document on Electronic Health Record. Answer: This project is concentrating on the implementation process of My Health Records involved within the Australian marketplaces. In contrast with these facts involved within the concerned project, there is significant area of interest for managing the health care providences to the Australian citizens those are interested in recording or keeping check on their health conditions. This project is planned to provide effective health monitoring system to the individuals of Australia. The project outcomes are concerned with the regulations provided by Australian government that offers effective structure for collecting healthcare data and information about health conditions of Australian residents within the country. This project will result into the implementation of health recording system within Australia. The Australian citizen can easily monitor and view their health condition details with respect to various functional measures. Functionalities and Technologies Functionality: There are various functional measures included within the system of healthcare monitoring. This helps in keep records of health conditions involved within the patients situation. In contrast with these facts, this healthcare monitoring and record keeping system provides effective decisional support to the healthcare institutions with respect to the conditions of the patients. Technology: Digital formatting, reminder system, cloud access, data servers, electronic operational systems are used for electronic record keeping system. These technologies are helpful in providing various critical aspects such as decisional support, effective data monitoring and record keeping options. These are one helpful element for making the electronic record keeping systems. In contrast with the context of project, the target audiences should be two age group people. These are adult and aged people. These two groups of people mainly faces various critical health conditions that needs be monitored with respect to various critical measures. Electronic healthcare monitoring system allows monitoring and tracking opportunity to these people. There are various critical aspects and measures that are concerned with the health condition monitoring system for individual of Australia. In contrast with these aspects, there are various critical problems associated with in this project. These problems are being elaborated as follows: Data theft: Data thefts are main concern for the health record monitoring system within organizations (Nguyen, Bellucci Nguyen, 2014). The medical data are stored within the cloud that includes security threats within the system architecture. Identity theft: Identity theft is another option that offers effective threat to the patients as the personal data as well as the condition of health can be shared with third party. This aspect introduces threats to individual. Lack of support for aged patients: In case of the aged patients, there are no care providences involved within this project concept, therefore, this aspect is also another problem identified within this project vision document. Apart from various critical challenges and negative impacts of the concerned project, there are various capabilities involved within the project. In contrast with these facts, some of the capabilities are being elaborated as follows: Health recording system: Health record keeping and monitoring is one of the capability of the project and this satisfies the process of identifying key benefits of this concerned project (Vedanthan et al., 2015). Decisional support: The health record keeping system provides support to the users as well as to the system heads in taking effective decision making perspectives. Query management: Query management system is another key capability of the concerned project (Nguyen, Bellucci Nguyen, 2014). This project provides effective support to the users as well as system heads. In contrast with various challenges and capabilities of the concerned project, there are various benefits of electronic health recording system. In contrast with these facts, the benefits of this system architecture are being elaborated as follows: Improvised healthcare: Improvised healthcare is considered while managing the records of healthcare conditions (Beach Oates, 2014). In contrast with these facts, there are various critical aspects that need to be managed with respect to conditions. Improvised cost structure: Electronic health recording system provides improvised and effective healthcare to the users and system heads (Aldosari, 2014). Better clinical decision making: Better clinical decision making processes are concerned with the effective data keeping systems. Therefore, better clinical decision making perspective is clear with these data. The electronic health record keeping system provides effective decisional support to the patients or concerned people. References Aldosari, B. (2014). Rates, levels, and determinants of electronic health record system adoption: A study of hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.International journal of medical informatics,83(5), 330-342. Beach, J., Oates, J. (2014). Maintaining best practice in record-keeping and documentation.Nursing Standard,28(36), 45-50. DesRoches, C. M., Charles, D., Furukawa, M. F., Joshi, M. S., Kralovec, P., Mostashari, F., ... Jha, A. K. (2013). Adoption of electronic health records grows rapidly, but fewer than half of US hospitals had at least a basic system in 2012.Health Affairs, 10-1377. Nguyen, L., Bellucci, E., Nguyen, L. T. (2014). Electronic health records implementation: an evaluation of information system impact and contingency factors.International journal of medical informatics,83(11), 779-796. Packaln, S. (2015). Functional classification: Record-keeping professionals difficulties and their handling in maintenance and use of FC in Finnish organisations.Records Management Journal,25(2), 166-182. Vedanthan, R., Blank, E., Tuikong, N., Kamano, J., Misoi, L., Tulienge, D., ... Were, M. C. (2015). Usability and feasibility of a tablet-based Decision-Support and Integrated Record-keeping (DESIRE) tool in the nurse management of hypertension in rural western Kenya.International journal of medical informatics,84(3), 207-219.

Psychological Empowerment and Traditionality †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Psychological Empowerment and Traditionality. Answer: Introduction: The case study shows that Raphael uses a combination of legitimate political behaviour and reward power. Raphael got promoted as the boss of Barry and thought it legitimate to take credit for the performances of the later. He started taking credit for their performances because thought as a superior he could take credit of their efficiency. Northouse (2015), states that superiors in the workplaces use their power and influence to take credit for their followers performances. They misuse their power to suppress their legitimate ownership of performances, which actually belongs to their subordinates. As far as Raphael is concerned, he usurps the credit of his followers to gain appraisal and promotions in the eyes of the apex management. Johnson (2017) points out that leaders should use their powers and influence to bring about career development of both their subordinates and themselves. One can point that the case study bears no evidence of Raphael taking initiatives to empower his su bordinates or providing them with training. However, he usurps their performances to gain his own promotions and career development. Thus, one can point that Raphael uses rewards power to gain higher organisational position (Gerber et al. 2016). This gaining of promotions would in turn give him power to usurp the performances of his subordinates and exploit them. Thus, it can be inferred that Raphael uses legitimate and rewards power while leading his subordinates. Barry should complain about the misuse of power by Raphael and usurping his performances to gain his own promotions. He should complain to his skill level manager and his senior bosses about this illegitimate use of power by Raphael so that he could highlight his own performances before the higher management. The top management would be aware of the performances of Barry which would earn him the due promotions and recognition for his performances. This would also reveal legitimate but unethical actions of Raphael, which would allow the higher authorities to take steps against him. Barry should complain to his skip level manager and to the higher authorities against the misuse of power and position by Raphael. He should approach the skip level manager and the senior managers confidentially and ensure that they confide with him so as not to reveal his identity to Raphael. Barry must substantiate his claim of high performance worth of recognition by facts and statistics proving his high level of performances. These figures and facts would help him to prove his efficiency more, strongly which would ensure him the due recognition for his performances. Barry could use politicking as a power tactic to highlight his own performances before the apex management and his skip level boss. There are five politicking strategies, which Barry can consider to prevent Raphael from usurping his due credits for performances. The first approach is developing amicable and friendly image, the second approach is to appear indispensible while the third approach consist of developing coalitions. The fourth approach is to assert his own claim to his performance and lastly, gain support from higher authorities. It appears that Barry had shared great understanding with Raphael in the past but could not approach him now due to his higher position of the latter. Thus, the tactic of building relationship with Raphael was not feasible. The second approach is to appear indispensible before the management. The case study shows that Barry was an efficient employee and hence he can use the high performance of his to appear indispensible before his employer. The t hird approach consists of making coalition with fellow employees, which may attract Raphaels attention. Hence, this approach is not feasible. The fourth approach, which Barry can use to highlight his own high performance before the management, is asserting his performances using statistics and performance related figures. It is clear that Barry can use this approach using his high performances. The fifth approach, which Barry can take, is to gain support of his skip level boss and senior managers. It can be pointed out that Barry can use this tactic since he is efficient. The above discussion shows that Barry can use three power tactics to highlight his own high performance before the management to gain promotions and appraisals. They are, proving himself indispensible, asserting his status of being an efficient employee and gaining support of higher authorities. Whining and complaining definitely leads to diminishing of power and influence within an organisation. Liden eta l. (2016) point out that efficient and senior employees use their influence and leadership qualities to deal with conflicting situations with their bosses. The given case study shows that Raphael used to usurp the performances of Barry and take its credit to gain recognition before the senior management. Here if Barry complains to the higher authority against Raphael, they may look at this action as a sign of insecurity and lack of authority. Barry can avoid being a whiner or a complainer by taking certain alternative steps. First, he can first speak to Raphael and point it out to him that it is unethical to take credit of others performances. He can also inform Raphael that the usurping action of his is affecting the motivation level negatively. If Raphael uses his power to influence him, the second approach Barry can take is inform the skip level manager about the unethical practices followed by Raphael. He can substantiate his claim against Raphael by using statistics and figures proving his high level of efficiency. This would allow the management to understand that is claims are legitimate and ethical. Thus reporting to the upper level management about the unethical actions of Raphael and supporting his claims using statistics would make the concern of Barry legitimate and he would not appear to be a whiner. Barry should start looking for a new job and simultaneously seek management support to prevent Raphael from taking credit for his performances. He should first confront Raphael and point it out to him that he is being unethical by taking credit of others performances. If Raphael continues exploiting him, she should raise it with the skip level managers and the apex management. He should substantiate his claims with statistics and figures highlighting his performances. He should also highlight that Raphaels unethically taking advantage of the performances of his subordinates is affecting their motivation to perform highly. If discussing with both Raphael and the top management fail, Barry should look for a new job. Barry should look out for a new job if the discussions with Raphael and the senior manager prove be unsuccessful. This is because Raphael took credit of Barrys efficiency and did not highlight it before the apex management. This unethical action of Raphael is liable to prevent Barry from availing promotions and recognitions for his performances. This in turn would lead to hampering his career growth. He should consider switching job and take up employment with another employer. However, if the discussions with Raphael and the top management prove to be successful, Barry should not change his job and continue working in the company (Robbins et al. 2017). Situational leadership theory: Barry should use situational leadership theory by Hersey and Blanchard, a type of contingency leadership theory to lead his new team of subordinates. The situational leadership theory recognises four categories of subordinates and points out leadership styles, which leaders can use to lead these four categories of subordinates. The first category consists of employees having lower level of skills and motivation. The leaders and the departmental heads using the telling style of leadership by giving them clear directions and supervising their performances on daily basis. The second category of team members comprises of members having high degree of motivation but low degree of knowledge. The leaders while supervising these individuals use selling style of leadership, which involves giving clear direction and measuring performances on regular basis. However, since the subordinates are motivated, the leaders allow them to participate more than the first group. This ensures that these wor kers acquire more knowledge and skill by participating in the team actions. The third group of subordinates consist of workers who have great knowledge, skill and experience but lack motivation. According to Li et al.(2015)., empowerment of employees boosts their motivation level. Thus, it can be pointed out in other words lack of empowerment results in lack of motivation to perform in spite of skills and years of experience. The leaders use participating leadership style to encourage the employees to participate in the team meetings. This category of employees is usually senior employees. These experienced employees usually contribute greatly to the team strategies using their years of knowledge, skills and experiences. The last group of employees consists of senior and the highly performing employees who have both high degree of knowledge and motivation. This group of employees are designated with important positions and vested with leadership responsibilities. The above discussion shows that there situational leadership theory is appropriate because recognises the four types of followers in a team and assigns four different leadership styles to lead these followers (North ouse 2015). Barry can use situational leadership style to lead his new team. A new team consists of team members of four categories and Barry can deal with them using four different leadership styles. For example, he can direct and use telling style for inexperienced team members lacking motivation. Again, he can delegate substantial powers upon senior employees in the new team who have motivation and years of skills and knowledge. This would enable him to lead the new team by catering to the leadership needs of every member (Thompson and Glas 2015). Barry can use situational leadership style to lead and manage his new team by catering to the needs of every member. He can use telling style to lead the inexperienced junior members lacking motivation. He should train them to increase their knowledge and motivation level. He should supervise the performances on regular basis and mentor them to improve the capabilities (Fong and Snape 2015). Barry should manage the second group of employees having minimum experience but high motivation using the selling leadership style. He should assign them work and clear directions. He should supervise their performances and provide them with training o imprive their skills. The third group of employees consists of employees having high degree of skills and knowledge but low motivation. Barry should manage them by allowing them to participate in the team meetings. This would enhance their self esteem and sense of responsibility. It will increase their motivation and they would willingly contribute towards achievement of the team targets. These senior employees can also help Barry by mentoring and coaching the first two categories of employees (Humborstad and Kuvaas 2013). They can share the leadership responsibilities of Barry, which would ultimately contribute operation of the team more efficient. Barry can manage the fourth category of subordinates having both experience and motivation by delegating them important decision-making positions in the team or the department. These employees can motivate the other categories of employees by their high level of performances (Salge, Glackin and Polani 2014). Barry in order to manage these four categories of employees should ensure coordination and cooperation among the junior and the senior employees. He should provide training to the first two categories of employees to increase their motivation and competency level (Zhang et al. 2014). Similarly, the other two group of employees should be give strategic position in the team and should be encouraged to participate in the team meetings. This would create job satisfaction and self-esteem in them and they would contribute more proactively towards team performances. Barry should manage these four categories of employees to retain them and ensure that they improve their competencies on regular basis (Maruping and Magni 2015). He should also ensure their appraisals and career growth based on their level of performances. References: Anra, Y. and Yamin, M., 2017. Relationships between Lecturer Performance, Organizational Culture, Leadership, and Achievement Motivation.,11(2 (eng)). Fong, K.H. and Snape, E., 2015. Empowering Leadership, Psychological Empowerment and Employee Outcomes: Testing a Multi?level Mediating Model.British Journal of Management,26(1), pp.126-138. Gerber, N., McDermott, R., Volkamer, M. and Vogt, J., 2016. Understanding Information Security Compliance-Why Goal Setting and Rewards Might be a Bad Idea. InHAISA(pp. 145-155). Humborstad, S.I.W. and Kuvaas, B., 2013. Mutuality in leadersubordinate empowerment expectation: Its impact on role ambiguity and intrinsic motivation.The Leadership Quarterly,24(2), pp.363-377. Johnson, C.E., 2017.Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow. Sage Publications. Kraczla, M., 2017. PERSONALITY PROFILING ACCORDING TO THE BIG FIVE MODEL BY PT COSTA AND RR MCCRAE: COMPARISON ANALYSIS OF MANAGERS AND SPECIALISTS.Regional Formation and Development Studies,22(2), pp.77-91. Li, Y., Wei, F., Ren, S. and Di, Y., 2015. Locus of control, psychological empowerment and intrinsic motivation relation to performance.Journal of Managerial Psychology,30(4), pp.422-438. Liden, R., Fu, P., Liu, J. and Song, L., 2016. The influence of CEO values and leadership on middle manager exchange behaviors: A longitudinal multilevel examination.Nankai Business Review International,7(1), pp.2-20. Maruping, L.M. and Magni, M., 2015. Motivating employees to explore collaboration technology in team contexts.Mis Quarterly,39(1). Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Robbins, Judge, Millett and Boyle (2017).Organisational Behaviour, 8th, Robbins, Stephen et al | Buy Online at Pearson. [online] Pearson.com.au. Available at: https://www.pearson.com.au/products/O-R-Robbins-Judge-Millett-Boyle/O-R-Robbins-Stephen-et-al/Organisational-Behaviour/9781488609329?R=9781488609329 [Accessed 10 Oct. 2017]. Salge, C., Glackin, C. and Polani, D., 2014. Changing the environment based on empowerment as intrinsic motivation.Entropy,16(5), pp.2789-2819. Salleh, S.M., Zahari, A.S.M., Said, N.S.M. and Ali, S.R.O., 2016. The Influence of Work Motivation on Organizational Commitment in the Workplace.J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci,6(5S), pp.139-143. Shamim, S., Cang, S. and Yu, H., 2017. Impact of knowledge oriented leadership on knowledge management behaviour through employee work attitudes.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp.1-31. Thompson, G. and Glas, L., 2015. Situational leadership theory: a test from three perspectives.Leadership Organization Development Journal,36(5), pp.527-544. Zhang, A.Y., Song, L.J., Tsui, A.S. and Fu, P.P., 2014. Employee responses to employment?relationship practices: The role of psychological empowerment and traditionality.Journal of Organizational Behavior,35(6), pp.809-830.

Domestic Production of Marijuana and the Implications of Legalization Essay Example

Domestic Production of Marijuana and the Implications of Legalization Paper Widespread marijuana production and use, and lately, the calls for its legalization have created a stir in recent years. As such, there are a lot of things we need to know in order to understand this issue. What is the current state of marijuana domestic production? Who are the players in the legalization issue and what are its implications? This paper posits that legalization is being pushed primarily by business wanting a share of the market which is currently dominated by illegal organizations and users who wish to ease the moral and legal restrictions on its use. As such legalization will increase domestic marijuana production. Overview of the Domestic Marijuana Production Current Domestic Marijuana Availability Canabis has earned its status as the most valuable cash crop today. In 2006 alone, the current gross value of the estimated 68. 1 million marijuana plants in the U. S. stood at $35. 8 billion, far exceeding the value of legal, essential crops such as wheat. Outdoor marijuana made up 82. 8% of total production with a corresponding value of $31. 7 billion. Indoor marijuana accounted for 5. 2% pegged at $4. 1 billion (Gettman, 2006). Weed is typically for local consumption but its export is also viable. The annual supply of domestically produced weed is estimated between 8. 7-21. 8 million kilograms, a manifold increase since the 80’s (Gettman, 2006). Marijuana growing has been found everywhere. However, Alabama, California, Florida, Hawaii, Kentucky, North Carolina, Oregon, Tennessee, Washington and West Virginia rank as the top ten producers (Gettman, 2006), despite intensive eradication operations by the DEA. Large-scale production outdoors is easy and inexpensive with minimal plant care. We will write a custom essay sample on Domestic Production of Marijuana and the Implications of Legalization specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Domestic Production of Marijuana and the Implications of Legalization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Domestic Production of Marijuana and the Implications of Legalization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Radical improvements in quality or potency have been achieved with advancements in technology such as the hydroponic system. As such, potency rates (measured in total plant THC content, the main mind-altering component) can now reach as high as 8. 77% from the 1. 5% average in the ‘70s (NDTA 2008). Local marijuana is expensive compared to other countries. According to one site, the average price for a quarter ounce of weed is $40 for low quality, $50 for medium quality and $80 for high quality and has remained steady for the past years (e-stoned. com). This proves that there is an established consumer base, proof that it is a very lucrative business and tax free too! Current Domestic Marijuana Consumption Among all the available illegal drugs, it is the most commonly used with consumers from all ages, genders, race and economic status (DEA website). However, use is most common among young people with its treatment as a recreational drug. There is no current government data on the actual number of marijuana users but the results of latest DHHS drug use survey show that there were 2. 1 million Americans, mostly minors, who used marijuana for the first time in 2006, a figure that has not changed dramatically since 2002 (NSDUH 2006). An estimate by one group using the current estimated supply and average consumption/user puts the number of American marijuana users at 15 million (NORML. com). This corresponds to 5% of the total population. The Global Youth Network also ranks the U. S. as one of the top 6 marijuana using countries in the world. Who Controls the Domestic Marijuana Production and Distribution? DEA 2008 reports show the involvement of drug trade organizations from Cuba and Asia in marijuana trafficking all over the country and they are now into indoor marijuana production as well, with expansions targeting the northern states. Mexican DTO’s, on the other hand are targeting outdoor marijuana production in the eastern states and marijuana smuggling in the border areas. Although there are freelance dealers who operate small-scale, widely commercial grade marijuana cultivation and sale, the wider, more systematic production and distribution targeting densely populated areas is controlled by drug-trade organizations. In addition, there is also a proliferation of internet pharmacies that offer marijuana (Scott hearing on the DEA’s Regulation of Medicine). Medical or Research Grade Marijuana Legal high potency Cannabis is used for FDA-approved studies or as prescription medicine. Medical marijuana is now legal in 13 states, permitting doctors to prescribe high-potency marijuana to increase the appetite of patients suffering from AIDS, alleviate pain or decrease the pressure in the eyes of glaucoma patients among others. Research grade marijuana cultivation is currently exclusive to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Medical marijuana is produced only after acquisition of a license. In the case of California, which was the first state to legalize, patients/care providers are allowed possession of 6-12 plants or a maximum 8 ounces of dried marijuana (SB 420). Further, possession in excess of this is permissible if prescribed by a doctor. Counties and municipalities can also impose local ordinances that allow possession/cultivation beyond the limits set by state law. Further, the joint efforts at marijuana cultivation by patients/caregivers as well as marijuana dispensaries are also allowed (SB 420). The Legalization of Marijuana In 2001, the U. S. Supreme Court voted unanimously not to allow the use of medical marijuana and the drug remains in the DEA Schedule 1 (DrugFreeAmerica. com). However, states can adopt state-wide laws with regards to Canabis. Of the 13 states that legalized medical marijuana, 6 of them have further adopted decriminalization. There are 6 other states that decriminalized but did not legalize marijuana. Fourteen qualify â€Å"drug use in driving† as a criminal offense while 20 states issue marijuana tax stamps (NORML. com). Legalization efforts range from lobbying for the legal cultivation and use of marijuana for medical and research purposes to its commercial production and distribution alongside other substances like alcohol or tobacco. Subsequently, decriminalization aims to apply the individual freedom of choice and eliminate the penalties for marijuana-related offenses. Lobby work for federal legalization has resulted in H. R. 2592, initiatives and referendum polls in the various states. The Arguments for Legalization and Counterviews The primary arguments for legalization are 1. marijuana has medicinal properties, 2. marijuana will bring in more revenue and save taxes on the federal marijuana eradication drives, 3. marijuana is relatively harmless and 4. legalization will actually decrease marijuana use. That it does have medicinal properties for specific ailments is already proven by initial research and actual practice. That marijuana will contribute to state revenue along with cigarettes is also not debatable. An economist calculated that the state of California can put up $1 billion from taxing a joint for $1, up to $400 million retail sales taxes and save $156 million from law enforcement (CANORML. com). That the federal government has been largely unsuccessful in its well-funded marijuana eradication drives also holds true as indicated in various news reports. That marijuana legalization will actually decrease its use will depend on a lot of factors. It might lessen the number of first time users if we reason that alcohol consumption was at its peak when it was illegal. However, habitual users will continue to be a steady market. Finally, that marijuana is a safer alternative to harder drugs, alcohol or even coffee is relative. Federal government agencies and anti-legalization groups also argue that there are alternative drugs for the same that cause no â€Å"highs†. They also present the immediate and cumulative ill-effects of marijuana while the more liberal call for more extensive research on it for commercial, federally approved medical use. For people who put premium on their health, using marijuana or any other addictive substance for that matter might not be acceptable. The government’s main reasons for not budging on the issue besides citing the health effects of its use include the membership of the U. S. in international treaties banning marijuana (Scott hearing on DEA’s Regulation of Medicine). Some Proponents of Marijuana Legalization There are 2 prominent groups campaigning for legalization. The Marijuana Policy Project is the advocacy arm of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS. org), the first pharmaceutical company aiming to break NIDA’s monopoly over research grade marijuana by funding the construction of a medical marijuana production facility in the University of Massachusetts. This is the first step in a 5-year marijuana drug development study worth $5 million (MAPS. org). The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, a non-profit public-interest advocacy group representing the interests of millions of responsible American marijuana smokers, started its advocacy way back in 1970. Working with the NORML Foundation, it currently has community/school chapters in 45 states and in 7 other countries. Active in lobby work and media campaign, it also provides legal assistance to people charged with marijuana offenses. It favors the Democrat campaign as it hopes to have a more favorable response to pro-legalization from Congress. Conclusion Marijuana’s promising medicinal values is a minefield for pharmaceutical companies which would explain their financial involvement in and all-out support for the pro-legalization advocacy. The equally promising possibility of being granted the right to choose to use marijuana without fear of being punished legally and morally anywhere in the country is motivation enough, given the vast number of users. Politicians will also be happy with more taxes and guaranteed votes. Legalization, especially at the federal level, will affect production by stimulating legal private enterprises involved in medical/research grade as well as commercial marijuana production. Canabis will become another profit commodity which does not need much effort in marketing with the intensive campaigning by pro-legalization groups that target recreational users and patients as well. However, the effect of legalization on illegal production remains to be speculated but it will surely lose a portion of the occasional users market to legal marijuana producers. Finally, the greatest challenge and burden will fall on parents and law-enforcement agencies in how they can successfully educate children to prevent future marijuana addiction. For one, legalization makes further access to marijuana a whole lot easier because unlike other drugs that are manufactured in laboratories, this is planted everywhere. References Clint. Marijuana Prices in the USA. Retrieved February 12, 2008 from http://www. e- stoned. com/rec/44-Marijuana-Prices-in-the-USA/ Economics of Canabis Legalization. Retrieved February 13, 2008 from http://www. norml. org/index. cfm? Group_ID=4421 Gettman, John. (2006). Marijuana Production in the United States (2006). Retrieved February 12, 2008 from The Bulletin of Cannabis Reform, http://www. drugscience. org/bcr/index. html National Drug Threat Assessment, 2008. (2007). Retrieved February 12, 2008 from http://149. 101. 1. 32/dea/concern/18862/2008. pdf National Survey on Drug Use and Health. (2006) Retrieved February 12, 2008 from http://www. oas. samhsa. gov/nsduh/2k6nsduh/2k6Results. pdf MAPS DEA Lawsuit. Retrieved from Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Drugs, http://www. maps. org/mmj/DEAlawsuit. html#6 Marijuana Overview. Retrieved February 13, 2008 from the Drug Enforcement Agency, http://149. 101. 1. 32/dea/concern/marijuana. html Medical Excuse Marijuana. (2008) Retrieved from DrugFreeAmerica, http://www. dfaf. org/marijuana/excuse. php Putting a Value on Cannabis. (2008) Retrieved February 12, 2008 from National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, http://www. norml. org/index. cfm? Group_ID=4424 Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Retrieved February 13, 2008 from the Office of Applied Studies-SAMSA, http://www. oas. samhsa. gov/nhsda. htm Rep. Robert C. Scott Holds a Hearing on the Drug Enforcement Administrations Regulation of Medicine. Retrieved February 12, 2008 from http://www. maps. org/mmj/dealawsuit_congressional_hearing. html Senate Bill 420. Retrieved February 13, 2008 from http://www. albanyca. org/archive/pdf/022007_8_1_AttF. pdf

How to Structure an AURAP Sample Essay

How to Structure an AURAP Sample EssayAURAP (The American University Professional Application) sample essays are designed for students applying to a university or college. The results of an AURAP sample essay will influence your admission decision. You have to submit the same essay for different applications. This can be helpful when you plan to change your major for better job opportunities.If you have written your own application, you may need to modify your essay for an online application or for a U.S. college entrance exam. The essay test will help the interviewers to determine whether you are qualified for admission. The AURAP sample essays are not sufficient because they are outdated and do not properly reflect your writing style and knowledge.The essay should first explain the background of the applicant's name and the purpose of this application. It should also explain why you are applying for the college. Further, it should show how your personal experience and education hav e impacted your decision to apply for the college.When you are submitting the essay, make sure that it is a reflection of your abilities and interests and it is not biased in favor of any one year unit. If it has been edited by the university or college, take care not to ask for changes in certain dates. To improve your grade point average, revise the essay for the next semester.Also, make sure that you can clearly identify the student's goals and aspirations as well as the importance of the student to the society. It is important to make your essay interesting and unique. Make sure that you identify your preferred college and institution, but do not make it a personal statement. This will save time and effort on your part.The writer's creativity and ability to relate his experiences and build a strong argument should also be given a mention. Make sure that your work follows the existing norms. The essays should address the campus and community and be reflective of the city you inte nd to enroll in. An AURAP sample essay will not give you enough information.AURAP sample essays are not intended to inform you about the requirements of the college or university. They are meant only to let you know what your college requires for admission. With an updated sample essay, you can achieve higher grades and fulfill all the requirements for admission.

Introduction to New England Colonial Architecture

Introduction to New England Colonial Architecture When the British landed on the shores of the New World, they not only brought place names from England (e.g., Portsmouth, Salisbury, Manchester), but the colonists also carried the knowledge of building traditions and architectural styles. The religious separatists we call Pilgrims arrived in 1620, quickly followed by a group of Puritans in 1630, who settled in what became the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Using whatever materials they could find, the immigrants constructed timber-framed houses with steep roofs. Other settlers from Great Britain spread throughout Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island, building rustic dwellings like the ones they had known in their homeland. They colonized land that became New England. The earliest dwellings were likely hastily-constructed sheds and cabins - the recreation of the Plymouth Colony shows us this. Then, shoring up against the cold New England winters, colonists built single-story Cape Cod houses with massive chimneys placed at the center. As families grew, some colonists built larger two-story homes, still to be seen in communities like  Strawbery Banke on the New Hampshire coast. Colonists expanded their living space and protected their property with sloping saltbox roof additions, named after the shape of boxes used to store salt. The Daggett Farmhouse, built in Connecticut around 1750, is a good example of the saltbox roof style. Wood was plentiful in the northeastern forests of the New World. The English people who colonized New England grew up with architecture from late medieval and Elizabethan England. The British colonists were not far removed from the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and medieval timber-framed houses, and they continued these building practices through the 1600s and well into the 1700s. The 1683 Parson Capen House in Topsfield, Massachusetts is a good example of Elizabethan architecture in New England. Since these simple homes were made of wood, many burned down. Only a few have survived intact, and fewer still have not been remodeled and expanded. New England Colonial Types Styles Architecture in Colonial New England went through many phases and can be known by various names. The style is sometimes called post-medieval, late medieval, or first period English. A New England Colonial home with a sloping, shed-like roof is often called a Saltbox Colonial. The term Garrison Colonial describes a New England Colonial home with a second story that juts out over the lower level. The historic 1720 Stanley-Whitman House in Farmington, Connecticut is described as a post-medieval style, because of its second-story overhang, but a later lean-to addition transformed the  Garrison Colonial into one with a saltbox-style roof. It did not take long for colonial styles of architecture to combine to form new designs. Modern Colonials Builders often imitate historic styles. You may have heard words like New England Colonial, Garrison Colonial, or Saltbox Colonial used to describe modern-day homes. Technically, a house built after the American Revolution - after communities were no longer colonies of England - is not colonial. More correctly, these homes of the 19th and 20th centuries are Colonial Revival or Neocolonial. Northern versus Southern Colonial Houses Early New England colonial houses were usually located mostly along the shores of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. Remember that Vermont and Maine were not part of the 13 original colonies, although much of the architecture is similar, modified by French influences from the north. Northern colonial homes were wood framed construction, usually the plentiful white pine, with clapboard or shingle siding. Early homes were one story, but as more family arrived from Britain these starter homes became two-stories, often with steep roofs, narrow eaves, and side gables. A large, center fireplace and chimney would heat upstairs and downstairs. Some homes added the luxury of saltbox-shaped lean-to additions, used to keep wood and supplies dry. New England architecture was inspired by the beliefs of the inhabitants, and the Puritans tolerated little exterior ornamentation. The most decorative were the post-medieval styles, where the second story slightly protruded ove r the lower floor and the small casement windows would have diamond-shaped panes. This was the extent of decorative design. Beginning with the Jamestown Colony in 1607, New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies were established up and down the eastern coastline of what would become the United States. Settlers in southern regions such as Pennsylvania, Georgia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Virginia also constructed uncomplicated, rectangular homes. However, a Southern Colonial home is often made with brick. Clay was plentiful in many southern regions, which made brick a natural building material for southern colonial homes. Also, homes in the southern colonies often had two chimneys - one on each side - instead of a single massive chimney in the center. Tour New England Colonial Homesteads The New England Colonial home of Rebecca Nurse was built in the 17th century, making this giant red house a true Colonial. Rebecca, her husband, and her children moved here to  Danvers, Massachusetts around 1678. With two rooms on the first floor and two rooms on the second, a large chimney runs through the center of the main house. A kitchen lean-to addition with its own chimney was built in about 1720. Another addition was constructed in 1850. The Rebecca Nurse house has its original floors, walls, and beams. However, like most homes from this period, the house has been extensively restored. The lead restoration architect was Joseph Everett Chandler, who also oversaw the historic restorations at the Paul Revere House in Boston and the House of Seven Gables in Salem. Rebecca West is an interesting figure in American history for being a victim of the Salem Witch Trials- in 1692 she was accused, tried, and executed for practicing witchcraft. Like many historic homes throughout New England, the Rebecca Nurse Homestead is open to the public for tours. Many of New Englands finest colonial homes are open to the public. The Hoxie House in Sandwich, Massachusetts was built in 1675 and is said to be the oldest house still standing on Cape Cod. The Jethro Coffin House, built in 1686, is the oldest house on Nantucket.  The home of author Louisa May Alcott, Orchard House in Concord, Massachusetts, is a good example of farmhouses built between 1690 and 1720. The town of Salem, Massachusetts is a museum itself, with the House of Seven Gables (1668) and the Jonathan Corwin House (1642), also known as the Witch House, being two popular tourist attractions.  A Boston home built in 1680 and once owned by American patriot Paul Revere is a popular post-medieval style to view. Lastly, Plimoth Plantation is the Disney-equivalent of 17th century New England living, as the visitor can experience an entire village of the primitive huts that started it all. Once you get a taste of Colonial American house styles, youll know some of what has made Ame rica strong. COPYRIGHT: The articles you see on these pages are copyrighted. You may link to them, but do not copy them in a blog, web page, or print publication without permission. Sources Architecture of New England and the Southern Colonies by Valerie Ann Polino, http://teachersinstitute.yale.edu/curriculum/units/1978/4/78.04.03.x.html [accessed July 27, 2017]English Colonial Domestic Architecture of New England by Christine G. H. Franck, https://christinefranck.wordpress.com/2011/05/13/english-colonial-domestic-architecture-of-new-england/ [accessed July 27, 2017]Architectural Style Guide, Historic New England, https://www.historicnewengland.org/preservation/for-homeowners-communities/your-old-or-historic-home/architectural-style-guide/#first-period-post-medieval [accessed July 27, 2017]Virginia and Lee McAlester. A Field Guide to American Houses, 1984Lester Walker. American Shelter: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the American Home, 1998John Milnes Baker, AIA. American House Styles: A Concise Guide, Norton, 1994Architectural Style Guide, Boston Preservation Alliance, bostonpreservation.org/advocacy/architectural-style-guide.html [accessed July 27, 2017]